Capital Punishment Essays (697 words) - Penology, Criminology

Capital Punishment The Debate over the merits of capital punishment has endured for years, and continues to be an extremely indecisive and complicated issue. Adversaries of capital punishment point to the Marshalls and the Millgards, while proponents point to the Dahmers and Gacys. Society must be kept safe from the monstrous barbaric acts of these individuals and other killers, by taking away their lives to function and perform in our society. At the same time, we must insure that innocent people such as Marshall and Millgard are never convicted or sentenced to death for a crime that they did not commit. Many contend that the use of capital punishment as a form of deterrence does not work, as there are no fewer murders on a per- capita basis in countries or states that do have it, then those that do not. In order for capital punishment to work as a deterrence, certain events must be present in the criminal's mind prior to committing the offence. The criminal must be aware that others have been punished in the past for the offence that he or she is planning, and that what happened to another individual who committed this offence, can also happen to me. But individuals who commit any types of crime ranging from auto theft to 1st-Degree Murder, never take into account the consequences of their actions. Deterrence to crime, is rooted in the individuals themselves. Every human has a personal set of conduct. How much they will and will not tolerate. How far they will and will not go. This personal set of conduct can be made or be broken by friends, influences, family, home, life, etc. An individual who is never taught some sort of restraint as a child, will probably never understand any limit as to what they can do, until they have learned it themselves. Therefore, capital punishment will never truly work as a deterrent, because of human nature to ignore practiced advice and to self learn. There are those who claim that capital punishment is in itself a form of vengeance on the killer. But isn't locking up a human being behind steel bars for many years, vengeance itself? And is it "humane" that an individual who took the life of another, should receive heating, clothing, indoor plumbing, 3 meals a day, while a homeless person who has harmed no one receives nothing? Adversaries of capital punishment claim that it is far more humane then having the state take away the life of the individual. In February 1963, Gary McCorkell, a 19 year old sex offender, was scheduled to hang. But just days before his execution, the then Liberal cabinet of Lester Person commuted McCorkell to life in prison. Less than 20 years later, McCorkell was arrested, tried, and convicted for the kidnapping and rape of a 10-year old Tenessee boy. He was sentenced to 63 years in prison. Prior to leaving Canada, he was sought by Metro Police in the attempted murder of an 11-year old boy. What has been gained by this? Had McCorkell been executed in 1963, two boys would never have had to have gone through the horror of being sexually abused. These individuals may themselves become sex offenders, as many sex offenders were sexually abused as children. McCorkell may have been a victim of sexually assault in the past, but that does not justify what he did. He did not do this once, he killed two boys, and assaulted two others, leaving one for dead. He knew exactly what he was doing. What right does this man have to live? He has ruined the lives of 4 children, what will he do in life that will compensate for that? What kind of a life would the state have been taking away in this case? An innocent life? A forgiving life? No, a life that was beyond the realm of reform, and did not care to be. We must be careful. We must be very careful to never, even when suspicion may cause considerable doubt, send an innocent person to be executed. It could have happened to David Millgard, it could have happened to Donald Marshall. It probably has even occurred numerous times in the history of the earth. But with proper police investigations, and where the evidence shows that the individual is a threat to the peace of society as long as he or she is alive, capital punishment must be used. Capital Punishment Essays (697 words) - Penology, Criminology Capital Punishment The Debate over the merits of capital punishment has enduredfor years, and continues to be an extremely indecisive and complicated issue. Adversaries of capital punishment point to the Marshalls and the Millgards, while proponents point to the Dahmers and Gacys. Society must be kept safe from the monstrous barbaric acts of these individuals and other killers, by taking away their lives to function and perform in our society. At the same time, we must insure that innocent people such as Marshall and Millgard are never convicted or sentenced to death for a crime that they did not commit. Many contend that the use of capital punishment as a form of deterrence does not work, as there are no fewer murders on a per- capita basis in countries or states that do have it, then those that do not. In order for capital punishment to work as a deterrence, certain events must be present in the criminal's mind prior to committing the offence. The criminal must be aware that others have been punished in the past for the offence that he or she is planning, and that what happened to another individual who committed this offence, can also happen to me. But individuals who commit any types of crime ranging from auto theft to 1st-Degree Murder, never take into account the consequences of their actions. Deterrence to crime, is rooted in the individuals themselves. Every human has a personal set of conduct. How much they will and will not tolerate. How far they will and will not go. This personal set of conduct can be made or be broken by friends, influences, family, home, life, etc. An individual who is never taught some sort of restraint as a child, will probably never understand any limit as to what they can do, until they have learned it themselves. Therefore, capital punishment will never truly work as a deterrent, because of human nature to ignore practised advice and to self learn. There are those who claim that capital punishment is in itself a form of vengeance on the killer. But isn't locking up a human being behind steel bars for many years, vengeance itself? And is it "humane" that an individual who took the life of another, should receive heating, clothing, indoor plumbing, 3 meals a day, while a homeless person who has harmed no one receives nothing? Adversaries of capital punishment claim that it is far more humane then having the state take away the life of the individual. In February 1963, Gary McCorkell, a 19 year old sex offender, was scheduled to hang. But just days before his execution, the then Liberal cabinet of Lester Person commuted McCorkell to life in prison. Less than 20 years later, McCorkell was arrested, tried, and convicted for the kidnapping and rape of a 10-year old Tenessee boy. He was sentanced to 63 years in prison. Prior to leaving Canada, he was sought by Metro Police in the attempted murder of an 11-year old boy. What has been gained by this? Had McCorkell been executed in 1963, two boys would never have had to have gone through the horror of being sexually abused. These individuals may themselves become sex offenders, as many sex offenders were sexually abused as children. McCorkell may have been a victim of sexually assualt in the past, but that does not justify what he did. He did not do this once, he killed two boys, and assaulted two others, leaving one for dead. He knew exactly what he was doing. What right does this man have to live? He has ruined the lives of 4 children, what will he do in life that will compensate for that? What kind of a life would the state have been taking away in this case? An innocent life? A forgiving life? No, a life that was beyond the realm of reform, and did not care to be. We must be careful. We must be very careful to never, even when suspicion may cause considerable doubt, send an innocent person to be executed. It could have happened to David Millgard, it could have happened to Donald Marshall. It probably has even occured numerous times in the history of the earth. But with proper police investigations, and where the evidence shows that the individual is a threat to the peace of society as long as he or she is alive, capital punishment must be used.

Polymorphic essays

Polymorphic essays The generation of today is growing up in a fast-growing, high-tech world which allows us to do the impossibilities of yesterday. With the help of modern telecommunications and the rapid growth of the personal computer in the average household we are able to talk to and share information with people from all sides of the globe. However, this vast amount of information transport has opened the doors for the computer "virus" of the future to flourish. As time passes on, so-called "viruses" are becoming more and more adaptive and dangerous. No longer are viruses merely a rarity among computer users and no longer are they mere nuisances. Since many people depend on the data in their computer every day to make a living, the risk of catastrophe has increased tenfold. The people who create computer viruses are now becoming much more adept at making them harder to detect and eliminate. These so-called "polymorphic" viruses are able to clone themselves and change themselves as they need to avo id detection. This form of "smart viruses" allows the virus to have a form of artificial intelligence. To understand the way a computer virus works and spreads, first one must understand some basics about computers, specifically pertaining to the way it stores data. Because of the severity of the damage that these viruses may cause, it is important to understand how anti-virus programs go about detecting them and how the virus itself adapts to meet the ever changing conditions of a computer. In much the same way as animals, computer viruses live in complex environments. In this case, the computer acts as a form of ecosystem in which the virus functions. In order for someone to adequately understand how and why the virus adapts itself, it must first be shown how the environment is constantly changing and how the virus can interact and deal with these changes. There are many forms of computers in the world; however, for simplicitys sake, this paper ...

Anti-Abortion Laws and Maternal Mortality in the US Research Paper

Anti-Abortion Laws and Maternal Mortality in the US - Research Paper Example However the perception of abortion has changed over the centuries. Abortion became one of the most controversial and debatable subjects in the modern society. Donald T. Critchlow (Critchlow 1996, 1) points out that abortion transformed into political issue since â€Å"reproduction rights became public policy.† There are various issues related to abortion: ethical, biological, religious and others. Those issues have transformed over the years and social understanding of them has changed. I believe that the most tragic subject of anti-abortion laws is the issue of maternal-mortality when performing illegal abortions. In this paper I will provide analysis of issues related to maternal mortality prior to the time when abortions were considered legal in the US, precisely the time period between 1800s – 1900s. Anti-abortion legislation in the US caused millions of deaths from illegal abortion and poor medical assistance. Abortion procedure is not something new, it has been known for ages. Women were doing abortions for long time and they will keep doing them even if it is considered illegal. The question is: what price society is ready to pay for this and how many more women have to die. Unfortunately there is no exact statistical data of how many women died during the anti-abortion era. In the beginning of 20th century maternal mortality ratio indicated 600 deaths per 100 000 livebirths in the USA (Ronsmans and Graham September 30, 2006, 4). This number was significantly bigger before the 1900s due to the poor medical conditions and illegal status of abortions. There is no precise data of illegal abortions due to several reasons. First of all, women were ashamed to report on having an abortion. Secondly, they experienced family and social pressure and guilt and preferred to hide the fact of abortion. At the same time wrong and misleading reports from medical institutions blurred the real number of deaths from illegal abortions (Rose 2008, 114). C onnecticut was the first American state that prohibited abortion in 1821. Later on other states followed its example and banned termination of pregnancy as well. The issue of abortion was forbidden to discuss for a very long time in American society. This situation forced women to use some illegal abortion services, thus putting their lives in danger. Women were allowed to have a legal abortion in exceptional cases predetermined by their medical conditions (Frankowski and Cole 1987, 20). In this situation women used severe and dangerous techniques to terminate unwanted pregnancies. They used knitting needles and coating hangers, douched with some poisonous chemicals or took some strong pills in order to perform the procedure themselves. All these methods put women’s lives in danger. Oftentimes they needed immediate professional medical assistance, but it was difficult for them to get it, due to social stigma and prejudices. If the abortion did not work women tried to perfor m the procedure again and again (Boston Women's Health Book Collective. 1998). I believe there were several reasons for abortion to be considered illegal. First of all, in the 1800 this surgical procedure was highly risky and the high mortality rates proved that. However majority of surgical procedures were risky for patients at that time. Secondly, anti-abortion legislation created a control mechanism over women. Later on this control and restrictions had a great impact on the feminist movements (Gordon 1976). Thirdly, male doctors increased their control over the medical field and consolidated their power. Finally, American government tried to scare the white population of the possible â€Å"race suicide.† Therefore white women were highly recommended to give birth (Boston Women's

An Analysis of the Film Mongol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

An Analysis of the Film Mongol - Essay Example The essay "An Analysis of the Film Mongol" talks about the film "Mongol" by Sergej Bodrov. The film presents the story of the rise to power of Ghengis Khan. In the discussion of the film, this essay will focus on five key points; the value of tradition and culture, the role of women, leadership, war strategy, and loyalty. Traditional and culture is at the heart of the film ‘Mongol’. At the beginning of the film, there is relative order in the country because the current Khans of the clans are strong. There is hostility between them and certainly, there is no sense of unity, but there is also no all out war. However, when Khan Yesugei is killed, things begin to unravel. It is interesting to note that he in fact killed as a result of a traditional ritual. There are certain rules which the clans respect and one of them is not to attack other clans when using a rest site. Yesugei’s clan rests in a spot where another clan has already settled. As per the usual custom, t he Khan of the rival clan sends a bowl of milk to Yesugei to drink and he returns the gesture of friendship. Unfortunately, the milk is poisoned and he dies shortly afterward. This is a breaking of the traditional code of conduct of the Mongols and it is significant in setting the tone for a future complete breakdown of tradition. When the Khan dies, it falls to Temudgin, his young son and the future Genghis Khan, to take over the clan. An older member of the clan does not respect this passing of leadership from father to son.

Marketing Audit Report for MAC COSMETICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Audit Report for MAC COSMETICS - Essay Example The essay "Marketing Audit Report for MAC COSMETICS" discusses the marketing report for Mac Cosmetics to analyze the various operational aspects that are involved in ensuring the company competes. Marketing can be defined as the achievement of corporate goals through ensuring the operations meet and exceed customers’ needs better than the competition. Marketing for different products provided by different companies within the same industry is conducted with the aim of beating the competitors through the market share and achieving high profits for the organization. The development of a strategic marketing plan is essential in ensuring that the products of the company are able to compete effectively in the market. Competitive markets require organizations operating within the industry to adopt intensive marketing strategies to ensure that they compete effectively within the market. The mission statement of an organization can be defined as a brief statement that defines the purpose of establishing the business while identifying the reasons behind the existence of the company. The mission statement for the company seeks to provide products which fit individuals of different demographic states. Within the mission statement of the company, it states clearly the goals which the company seeks to achieve and the responsibilities of the company to the customers. The mission statement is important to the company because it establishes the direction of the company in terms of defining the goals and targets.

Percy Jackson and the Lightning Thief | Analysis

Percy Jackson and the Lightning Thief | Analysis Percy Jackson the Olympians book 1 The Lightning Thief is an interesting novel which becomes the foundation of this study. The demigod Percy who is created from authors imagination becomes the main subject in this study. Percy is described as someone who starts from zero to hero. His struggle, adventure and the way he learns to be a hero in connection with his maturity will be the very concern of the study. Therefore, this study concerns the individuation process of Percy. The Greek mythology is the part of western civilization. In the novel, the use of mythological elements can be seen in, for example, Percy Jackson as he discovers he is a demigod, the son of a mortal woman and the Greek god Poseidon. Percy sinks in confusing situation when the world put him on the position of a hero. Percy and his friends go on a quest to prevent a war between the Greek gods Zeus, Poseidon and Hades. Meanwhile, he just begins to learn how to be a hero the responsibility to save the world is on his shoulder. There are many psychological problems faced by Percy. Percy leaves his messy life as a naughty student in his school where he is popular as a freak student who has dyslexia and hyperactive (ADHD) problem. Percy is not good at all lessons but Latin. He is supported by Mr. Brunner the only teacher that cares about him to learn Latin. Days in school are always disturbed by Nancy Bobofit. The only one who has the same problem is Grover. Grover is Percys best friend who always hides behind Percy. His trouble is complicated by Mrs. Dodds who has personal vengeance on him. Because of these things, Percy becomes the saddest student in Yancy Academy, North New York. Percys terrible days in school continues when he stays at home. His step father Gabe Ugliano is his immortal enemy. Gabe never wants to work. He always plays poker and drinks beer with his friends at home. It makes the house full of trashes and smell. One thing he cares about is to ask some money from Percy as he never wins the poker game. He never respects Percy. Instead, he always insults and undermines any things Percy has done. Therefore, Percy never feels the love from his step father, Gabe Ugliano. The only one who cares about and loves him is his mother, Sally Jackson. She is the one who makes Percy survive in such terrible condition. She is the one who supports Percy to go on his terrible days. When Percy remembers his mother, he always feels happy and peaceful. With regard to the fact above, we can see terrible psychological conditions in Percys life. Moreover, he has to survive and to face all of those terrible situations. Therefore, the maturity process that Percy undergoes is therefore worth studying. Percys maturity process will be analyzed in this study by using the theory of individuation process from Carl Gustav Jung. Then, the writer proposes a study entitled Percy Jackson The Olympians The Lightning Thief: The Individuation Process of the Demigod Percy FIELD OF THE STUDY The field of this study is literature, especially novel. SCOPE OF THE STUDY The paper will only be focused on the demigod Percy Jackson, his experiences and adventures, which have connection with his maturity process preparing him to be a hero. In this study, his maturity process will be analyzed using the theory of individuation process of Carl Gustav Jung. PROBLEM FORMULATION How does a twelve year old boy become a hero in this story? To what extend is Percys maturity described in the novel based on Jungian analysis? 1.5. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To explain how the twelve year old boy becomes a hero in this study. To explain to what extent Percys maturity is described in the novel based on Jungian analysis. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY In this study, the writer hopes that readers can understand the individuation process that happens in the story. This paper can also give an opportunity for scholars such as students of Faculty of Letters to analyze this novel using Jungian theory or alike. DEFINITION OF TERMS There are some terms throughout the study which must be known to better understand the issue in this paper, such as: Twelve Olympians The Greeks didnt have a Top Ten list of deities but they did have the Top Twelve those lucky Greek gods and goddesses living on top of Mount Olympus. (Regula, 2008,  ¶ 2). Demigod Demigod is an official terms of half God and half mortal human (Riordan, 2006, p.72). Individuation Process The individuation process is a term created by the famous psychologist Carl Gustav Jung to describe the process of becoming aware of oneself, of ones make-up, and the way to discover ones true, inner self (Blake, 2012,  ¶ 1) Maturity The quality of becoming more developed mentally and emotionally and behaving in a responsible way (Good, 2008, p.885). CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1. The Theory of individuation process by Carl Gustav Jung The main topic of the theory of individuation process is about psyche. Human always try to fulfill his psyche satisfying. Human behavior influenced by his psyche character. Jung called it the individuation process in which the potential of a persons psyche is seeking fulfillment (Mitchell, 2010,  ¶ 14). From the text above Jung tries to explore the psyche character and divided it into 2 parts: Conscious Conscious is adjustment to the outside world (Suryabrata, 1983, p. 184). Means that Conscious adapted and formed by outside world or social environment. Unconscious Unconscious is adjustment to the inside world (Suryabrata, 1983, p. 184). Means that Unconscious is the part of psyche that rules the relationship between human and his own self. The border between conscious and unconscious is not fixed. It can changed anytime depends on the change of persons psychology. Conscious and unconscious cannot separate because they influence each other. They have different characteristic. Jung explores more to know it and explain it through its structure. 2.1.1. Conscious Structure There are two parts of psyche which build our consciousness. First is Psyche Function and second is Psyche Attitude. Both of them have relation which determining the classification of persons conscious structure. Kesadaran mempunyai dua komponen pokok, yaitu fungsi jiwa dan sikap jiwa, yang masing-masing mempunyai peranan penting dalam orientasi manusia dalam dunianya (Suryabrata, 1983, p. 185) Translation: Consciousness has two main components, that is psyche function and psyche attitude, which both of them have important role in the human orientation and his world (Suryabrata, 1983, p. 185) 2.1.1.1. Psyche Function According to Suryabrata (1983, p. 185) the conscious structure by Jung is a psyche activity which in theory is unchanged in different environment. Furthermore Jung divided it into four main functions, two of them are rational, that is thinking and feeling, and irrational, that is sensing and intuitive. The rational functions work with judgment. Thinking is judging on the basis of right or wrong and feeling is judging on the basis of pleasant and unpleasant condition. Whereas the irrational functions do not work with judgment, how over they just get observation. Sensing gets observation by using sense and intuitive gets observation using instinct. Basically, human have all of that function, but usually just one of them that would be the most dominant. In addition, the ideal destination from Individuation process is to bring it into balance, with the result to achieve a rounded human or a perfect human. 2.1.1.2. Psyche Attitude Jung (1921/1971) defined an attitude as a predisposition to act or react in a characteristic direction (Feist and Feist, 2009, p. 115). The direction of the activity of psychological can go outside or inside and similarly happen with the orientation. Everybody does the orientation with the world around him, however they have different way to do that. For example, there is some one who will directly close the window if cold wind blowing, but probably the others will not close the window because they do not care about it or are not afraid to be cold because of it. There are people who care about what happens outside himself, but there are also people who are not too concerned with what happens outside himself. In conclusion, from the psyche attitude, human can be divided into two types that are extravert and introvert. One of the most widely used psychological typologies, which of the psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung refers to individuals are introvert and extraverts (Munn 1962, p. 235). Extravert Human An extrovert human influenced by objective opinions, which come from world outside himself or society. His thinking, feeling and also his actions mainly determined by his social society as well as his non-social society. He will act positively with society. Consequently, he is more easily accepted in society. Introvert Human An introvert human is influenced by his own subjective world. He does not care enough to the issues in his outside world. Introverts are tuned in to their inner world with all his biases, fantasies, dreams, and individual perception (Feist and Feist, 2009, p. 116). These people perceive the external world but they do it selectively with their own subjective view. Consequently, usually an introvert is being antisocial and hard to build a relationship. 2.1.1.3. Jungs Typology Based on two components of human psyche, Jung created Jung Typology (Suryabrata (1983, p.191) Psyche Attitude Psyche Function Type Unconscious Extravert Thinking Thinking Extravert Feeling Introvert Feeling Feeling Extravert Thinking Introvert Sensing Sensing Extravert Intuitive Introvert Intuitive Intuitive Extravert Sensing Introvert Introvert Thinking Thinking Introvert Feeling Extravert Feeling Feeling Introvert Thinking Extravert Sensing Sensing Introvert Intuitive Extravert Intuitive Intuitive Introvert Sensing Extravert He insisted that each person has both of an introverted and extraverted attitude, although one may be conscious while the other is unconscious (Feist and Feist, 2009, p. 115). Unconscious life is contrary with the conscious, so one whose conscious is thinking his unconscious is feeling, next, one whose conscious is extrovert his unconscious is introvert, so the next. 2.1.1.4. Persona The explanations above about conscious are the real condition of conscious, but there still have one problem. The problem is how person consciously show or bring his personality to socialize with outside world or society. The persona, according to Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung, is the mask that individuals wear to hide their true selves from society (Maverick, 2010,  ¶ 1). So, can be concluded that persona is the way of the people to show his personality to his society based on what he wants other people see of him. 2.1.2. Unconscious Structure Suryabrata (1983, p. 193) said that Jung has divided unconscious into two circles. The first one is personal unconscious and the other is collective unconscious. 2.1.2.1. Personal Unconscious Continued from Suryabrata (1983, p. 193),states that personal unconscious contains things that are acquired by individuals during their lives. This includes things that are forced or distressed (recessive complex) and forgotten things (memory materials) as well as things that are observed, thought about and felt below the threshold of consciousness. So, whole personal life experiences create the personal unconscious. 2.1.2.2. Collective Unconscious The collective unconscious is the foundation of personality (Morgan and King and Robinson 1984, p. 523). Collective unconscious term introduced by psychiatrist Carl Jung to represent a form of the unconscious (that part of the mind containing memories and impulses of which the individual is not aware) common to mankind as a whole and originating in the inherited structure of the brain. It is contrast from the personal unconscious, which arises from the experience of the individual. The collective unconscious is beliefs or acts or ideas which are trusted and done by ancestor such as concept of god, manner of behavior, myths, legend, unspoken rules, etc. The physical contents of the collective unconscious are inherited and pass from generation to the next as physical potential (Feist and Feist, 2009, p. 104) Unconscious is the things that unawareness. Then, how can we recognize or know our unconscious. Adopted from Suryabrata (1983, p. 194), acknowledge about unconscious found not directly, that is belong the manifestation from the contents of consciousness. The unconscious manifestation can be form such as symptom and complex, dream, and archetypes. 2.1.2.3. Unconscious Manifestation Symptom and Complexes Symptom and complex are the indications which can be realized. Symtom adalah tanda bahaya yang memberitahu bahwa ada sesuatu dalam kesadaran yang kurang, dan karenanya perlu perlu perluasan ke alam tak sadar. Kompleks-kompleks adalah bagian kejiwaan kepribadian yang terpecah dan lepas dari penilikan (control) kesadaran dan kemudian mempunyai kehidupan sendiri dalam kegelapan alam ketidaksadaran, yang selalu dapat menghambat atau memajukan prestasi-prestasi kesadaran (Suryabrata 1983, p. 196). (Symptom is a dangerous sign that tells that there is something in less consciousness, and therefore need to have an extension to the unconscious. These complexes are parts of a split personality and mental escape from viewing (control) and then have the awareness of his own life in the natural darkness of the unconscious, which always can inhibit or promote the achievements of consciousness) (Suryabrata 1983, p. 196). Complexes not always being a weaknesses of personality because it is just a part of individual which can not unity and complexes can be a stimulant too, which push us to work harder and increase the possibility to being success. Jung adds in Suryabrata (1983, p. 197) that complexes are traumatic experiences such as the apparent impossibility to accept our self condition in life. So, traumatic experience can make people down and being hopeless or pessimistic but also can make people struggle to stand up again and improve his life better then being an optimistic person. Dream, Fantasy, Imagination Some people believe that dream is a secret message from life. The other believed that dream just a desire or will which can not be realized then enter to our mind when we sleep. Dream has his own rule and his own language. In a dream causality and time and space is can not applied. So, dream always being a mystery which hard to interpret. Based on Suryabrata (1983, p. 197) Jungs opinion about dream is that dream has constructive function, that is to compensate the objection side by side from conflict. Dream is manifestation of complexes unconscious. Beside of that Jung also said that fantasy and imagination are kind of complexes manifestation. Archetypes Jung adopted word archetypes from Agustinus that Archetypes is form of instinctive opinion and instinctive reaction to certain situation in outside consciousness. In addition, Archetypes are carried since people are born and grow in collective unconscious during human development and not defend from one person (Suryabrata 1983, p. 198). 2.1.2.4. Special Form of Unconscious Shadows Shadow is the dark side and unacceptable side from someone personality-motive and embarrassing desire, we better not show them to other person (Friedman and Schustack 2008, p. 130). Inside the personality exists the shadow. Shadow is the dark side of personality. Shadows are unrealized weaknesses. Shadows bring his own opinions which are entered into his unconscious because it cannot match or accepted by his conscious. The shadow archetype is also responsible for the appearance in consciousness and behavior unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions. These then may either be hidden from public view by the persona or repressed into the personal unconscious (Hall and Lindzey, 1978, p. 123). Projection : Imago Adopting information from Suryabrata (1983, p. 200), Jung named the content of psyche which projected to other people are imago. So that, imago is a judgment which unconsciously we addressed to the objects outside our self. Anima and Animus Two important archetypes are anima which represents the feminine side of human nature and the animus which represents the masculine side of human nature. Jung taught that all persons have the masculine and feminine archetypes in their collective unconscious (Larsen and Buss, 2005, p. 278). Every person has both of anima and animus. For example: A man who chose cooking as a hobby is show that his anima stronger than his animus but still has both of them. Otherwise, if a man is prefer to choose basketball than cooking as his hobby that is show that his animus stronger than animus and the same things goes to women. CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1. Method of data collection Reading and understanding the novel is the first step that the writer takes. After the first reading, the writer tries to read the novel for the second time. The method of the second reading is very helpful for making the understanding of the writer about the novel, especially for knowing its intrinsic elements better than the first reading. The writer makes a note of the novel for making him easy to remember the information he got from reading the novel. After that, the writer chose the temporary title and topic which will be highlighted. In studying the novel and in writing this thesis, the writer also conducted a library research to collect the data and information, which includes the use of the internet resources. In the beginning, the writer searched the materials after deciding what study to do and which approach to use. The next step was searching and collecting the individuation process theory of Carl Gustav Jung used to analyze the book, from the book in library or observed from the internet. In a library, usually the writer spends about two hours to search for the right materials needed for the study. Then, the writer borrowed the books home. In analyzing the literary work, the writer needs a material to use as the entity of the writers analysis. The primary data, that becomes the object of the writers study, is the novel. The novel used in this analysis is: Genre : Adventure Title : Percy Jackson The Olympians The Lightning Thief Author : Rick Riordan Publisher : Miramax Books City : New York Year : 2006 Pages : 453 3.2. Method of Data analysis In analyzing the study, especially in answering the first research questions, the writer explores the intrinsic elements of novel. Next, collects all of factors that support the first research question from intrinsic elements. Especially, plot and the character are explored more to find the strength of Percy character. Beside that, the writer will get the evidents that prove the capability of Percy which support him to be a hero. Finally, the writer connects it with the first research question to find the answer. To find the answer from the second research question the writer uses the psychological approach by choosing Jungs individuation process theory. The writer finds that individuation process theory of Jung is suitable and very useful to connect and explain the idea about the maturity process of Percy. In the way to search it, firstly, the writer tries to learn the behaviors of Percy in the novel and his psyche characteristic. Next, analyze Percys conscious structure and unconscious structure. Compare his experience with the points of conscious structure and unconscious structure. Find the superior psyche function of Percy. Then, classify Percy in Jungs Typology. After that, the writer decide that Percys individuation process can prove that Percy is mature enough to make twelve years old boy become a hero and save the world to answer the second question. Remember, if someone can make psyche function being balance it means that he is the perfect one. CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Individuation Process Analysis The maturity of Percy will be described by the Jungian Individuation process theory. Individuation process of Percy was shown by his psyche condition. In the way to know it, we should explore two main element of psyche which is conscious and unconscious. Percys conscious and unconscious will analyze thoroughly in this chapter. 4.1.1. Conscious Conscious element of Percy will be dividing into two main groups which is psyche function and psyche attitude. The writer will find evident from Percys novel to support the classification of this two main groups. Next, it will be classified into Jung typology. After find Percys conscious type in Jung typology, the writer will analyze Percys persona in order to find his way to show his consciousness in social interaction. Finally the writer will definitely conclude the Percys conscious type and condition. Psyche Function Percy psyche function dominated with rational thinking. Percy judging something with based of rational things. Percy usually calculates one thing and make conclusion based on his logic. He is hard to belief something which out of his logical. It shows in quotations below. All year long, Id gotten fights, keeping bullies from him. Id lost sleep worrying that hed get beaten up next year without me. And here he was acting like he was the one who defended me (Riordan, 2006, p. 19). This paragraph showing us that Percy is hard to belief when Grover said that he was the one who always protect him because he thinks that Grover is the one he always protects and Grover cannot pass a single day without his protection. But theyre stories, I said. Theyre myths, to explain lightning and the seasons and stuff. Theyre what people belief before there was science (Riordan, 2006, p. 51). When Chiron told Percy that Greek Gods truly existed, Percy denied it. Percy has no imagination that it could be happened in real life. Again, he rejects to belief something which out of his calculates. Percy has lack of imagination. He always stuck with usual condition which he usually faces. He always tries to get rational reason for every fact he faces. It makes him hard to belief illogical things happen to him. Based on psyche function theory Percy include in rational thinking categories. 4.1.1.2. Psyche Attitude Percy is an introvert person. He usually hides his true feeling. He hides his fears. He always tries to look strong and brave. He hides his sadness but in deep of his heart he suffers. He always tries to look confident even he fell not sure will be success. He does not care about his mission, about god, indeed world. He just cares about his mother because he thinks that mother is the only person he has. Next, the writer will analyze deeply and shows the evident which show Percy as an introvert person. First is the fact that Percy admires his mother. My mother can make me feel good just by walking into the room (Riordan, 2006, p. 24). Even he loves her very much, Percy still hides his feeling that he feels so happy because his mother is so careful to him. I told her that she was smothering me, and to lay off and all that, but secretly, I was really, really glad to see her (Riordan, 2006, p.25). Its become habit of Percy to hide his true feeling so he can be looked as a mature, a tough, a brave and a strong person. For her sake, I tried to sound upbeat about my last days at Yancy Academy (Riordan, 2006, p. 25). Again he hides his true suffer in his school to his mother because he does not want make his mother worried about him. He also hides his last sentence from Oracles prophecy that told that he will fail to save what matters most, in the end, in page 106 because he does not want if every one have doubt of him to done his mission successfully. The other reason why Percy is included in Introvert categorize is shown when he declare to Grover his true purpose that he go to underworld not to complete his task to find the master bolt but just for personal reason to save his mother life by bringing out her from underworld. What lay ahead of me was worse than petrification. I havent straight with you, I told Grover. I dont care about the master bolt. I agreed to go to the underworld so I could bring back my mother (Riordan, 2006, p. 144). Percy does not care about what will happen to the world if he fails to complete his mission. It does not matter for him if Zeus and Poseidon drag into a battle because the most important thing for Percy is his beloved mother. He blinds by his passion to save his mother, just like an introvert who do not care with world outside himself. 4.1.1.3. Jung Typologies Psyche Attitude Psyche Function Type Unconscious Extravert Thinking Thinking Extravert Feeling Introvert Feeling Feeling Extravert Thinking Introvert Sensing Sensing Extravert Intuitive Introvert Intuitive Intuitive Extravert Sensing Introvert Introvert Thinking Thinking Introvert Feeling Extravert Feeling Feeling Introvert Thinking Extravert Sensing Sensing Introvert Intuitive Extravert Intuitive Intuitive Introvert Sensing Extravert Based on Jung Typology, Percy can be categorized as a thinking introvert person. 4.1.1.4. Persona Percys persona will be going to be analyzed based on his social interaction in the novel. In socialize, even though has less of ability Percy always tries to protect his friend. He always shows no fear in his face. In social interaction he is being the person who care about all of his friends problems meanwhile actually he has a lot of personal problem which waiting to solve. Percy tries to be a steadfast person. He pushes and hides his sadness, fears and weakness to be a strong person whom never surrenders to any of hard condition. There are some texts in the novel which show Percys persona. I was alone. An orphan. I would have to live with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Smelly Gabe? No. That would never happen. I would live in the streets first. I would pretend I was seventeen and join the army. Id do something (Riordan, 2006, p. 45). In the text above we can see that Percy is a steadfast person. After his mother died he refuses to surrender to live. He will stand on his own foot to trough his rest of live. He shows his steadfast face to the Grover. Grover was still sniffling. The poor kid-the poor goat, satyr, whatever-looked as if he expected to be hit. I said, It wasnt your fault (Riordan, 2006, p. 45). Although Percy feels sad when his mother died he does not blaming Grover. He refuse that his friend Grover is responsible to his mothers death whereas Grover ordered to protect him and his mother. He is belief that he should be the one who protecting his mother and his friends. Next text, Percy pushes his fear and shows his courage in front of his admired girl Annabeth Case. He rejects Annabeths help because he want to shows that he is a gentleman and a brave person. Stay out of it, wise girl. Annabeth looked pained, but she did stay out of it, and I didnt really want her help. I was the new kid. I had to earn my own rep (Riordan, 2006, p. 68). 4.1.2. Unconscious The next analyze is to find out two points of unconscious which is personal and collective unconscious and see how it manifested based on information get from novel. For addition, the writer also analyzes the special form of unconscious to complete the unconscious element of Percy. 4.1.2.1. Personal Unconscious In his journey in the novel, there are some personal experiences which give deep impression and influence his maturity development in relation with Percys personal unconscious. First fight versus monster (Riordan, 2006, p. 10). Percys first experience facing monster is in Metropolitan Museum of Art. His mathematic teacher Mrs. Dodds turning into a Fury and attack him. Then the weirdest thing happened. Her eyes began to glow like barbeque coals. Her fingers stretched, turning into talon. Her jacket melted into large, leathery wings. She wasnt human. She was a shriveled hag with bat wings and claws and mouth full of yellow fangs, and she was about to slice me to ribbons (Riordan, 2006, p. 10). This time Percy firstly consider that monster is real and they go after him for some reason. Death of his mother and battle versus Minotaur (Riordan, 2006, p. 40, 41). Then, with an angry roar, the monster closed his fist around my mothers neck, and she dissolved before my eyes, melting into light, a shimmering golden form, as if she were a holographic projection. A blinding flash and she was simply gone (Riordan, 2006, p. 40). Death of his mother gave him deep impression. Without knowing the reason why, Percy saw his mother killed by Minotaur. He does nothing to save her because he too afraid. But, this accident is waking up his courage to revenge and fight the Minotaur or any others monster. Anger replaced my fear, newfound strength burned in my limbs (Riordan, 2006, p. 41). Met the Oracle and got his first mission (Riordan, 2006, p. 106). You shall go west, and face the god who has turned. You shall find what was stolen, and see it safely returned. You shall be betrayed by one who calls you a friend. And you shall fail to save what matters most, in the end (Riordan, 2006, p. 106). The Oracle read him the prophecy. It will become the guide to complete his mission. But, Percy feels desperate because two last sentences told that he will betrayed by his friend and will failed in the end. Even he thought that it is suicide mission his courage pushes him to keep straight to do the quest. Gotten ambush by 3 Furies (Riordan, 2006, p. 121-125). They are the first challenge Percys face in the mission. At this time Percy learn to work together with his two friends to defeat the monsters. Both of his friend ready to sacrifice so Percy can escape from that monster. But, after his mothers death Percy promise not to escape anymore and even should be death he will stay to save everything important in his life. I looked at the open doorway, I was free to go, but I couldnt leave my friends (Riordan, 2006, p. 124).

Should Quebec (or Other Provinces) Separate From Canada In Order To Be

Should Quebec (or other provinces) Separate From Canada In Order To Best Protect Its Constitutional Rights? In my opinion, all provinces in Canada, including Quebec should not separate. Quebec has been one of the provinces of Canada for a long period of time. Most people in the world view that it is one of the component in Canada. French-Canadian and English-Canadian seem to live together peacefully without conflict, even many people with different cultures and languages come to Canada in recent years. I thick Quebec has no reason to become independence from a multicultural nation. Some people who agree Quebec to separate state that separation can protect their French culture and language. I think it is an unacceptable reason in a multicultural nation. Multicultualism is a special identity of Canada. It allows people to maintain their own culture. If Canada does not have multiculturalism, there will be no Chinatown in most big cities in Canada. So it is not necessary to separate in order to protect French culture and language. Furthermore if French-Canadian wants to avoid any influence from other culture, France is the greatest place for them. Moreover, the Canada government will lose money if Quebec separates by dealing with the separation affairs, like to help people in Quebec back to Canada who do not want to separate. Separation also leads to the decreasing of trade in Canada, and even the whole world. Quebec is a big trade market in Canada. People will lose this big...

Analysing The Need For Arctic Oil Environmental Sciences Essay

Global demand for energy has quickly increased as populations have increased and the demands of developing states have increased. Some estimations claim that demand for energy could increase by every bit much as 50 % by 2030 ( Hunter 2007 ) . This possible addition has every state scrambling for a stable beginning of oil and natural gas. The traditional beginnings of oil and natural gas have become less dependable. Instability in the Middle East has many states looking for new beginnings of oil, but this has become harder to happen. Many states that were one time spouses to big oil companies such as Russia and Venezuela have become less dependable as beginnings for oil ( Appenzellar 2004 ) . In 1960 85 % of known reservoirs were accessible to oil companies but now merely 16 % of reservoirs are accessible ( Rowell 2007 ) . New countries need to be opened up and explored in order to happen dependable beginnings of oil. The Arctic appears to be one of the most promising countries.Histor y of Arctic oilIn the 1970 ‘s and 1980 ‘s onshore crude oil roars took topographic point in Siberia and Alaska ( Funk 2009 ) . Alaska ‘s roar began in 1967 when oil workers for Atlantic Richfield Corporation discovered the largest oil reservoir in North America on Alaska ‘s North Slope near Prudhoe Bay ( Coppock 2004 ) . Thousands of work forces moved to Alaska trusting to do their wealths boring and edifice the monolithic grapevines necessary to travel the oil to the Continental United States. Billions of dollars were pumped into a antecedently quiet country. This one time great part is in diminution. Siberia had a similar roar in the 1970 ‘s but they are get downing to see a diminution similar to Alaska ‘s. Siberia ‘s oil Fieldss, which presently make Russia the largest manufacturer of oil, are expected to run out in the following 10 old ages ( Appenzeller 2004 ) .Future of Arctic OilSurveies show that the Arctic Ocean may incorporate a bi g sum of recoverable oil and natural gas. This includes non merely the land contained by the Arctic Circle, but besides the Arctic Ocean, which is considered to be the largest prospective beginning of oil and natural gas for the hereafter ( Gautier 2004 ) .Measure of Oil and Natural gasThe United States Geological Survey has predicted that about 30 % of the universe ‘s undiscovered gas and 13 % of the universe ‘s undiscovered oil is under the surface of the Arctic Ocean ( Gautier 2004 ) . The sum of gas in merely one of the major reservoirs is estimated to be the full gas militias of the United States ( Moran 2006 ) .Location of oilGood oil and gas reservoirs are so rare for a big portion because of the alone types of stone formations that can incorporate natural gas. The stone formation must be porous plenty to keep natural gas and oil and the formation must besides be permeable plenty for oil and natural gas to flux through the formation in order for oil to be recovera ble. Porosity and permeableness are the grounds that reservoirs are found about entirely in sedimentary stones. The bulk of crude oil bearing formations are contained in the huge Continental shelves of the Arctic Ocean. These shelves take up more than half of the Arctic Ocean, as shown by the lighter shadiness of bluish in Figure 2.These shelves by and large lie in less than 160 metres of H2O, a deepness that current boring engineering can easy bring forth ( Harrison 1979 ) . Arctic map Figure 2: Depth of the Arctic Ocean ( hypertext transfer protocol: //gdr.nrcan.gc.ca ) Sedimentary stone formations have besides been found in deeper H2O. A recent coring expedition found sedimentary stone formations in 1100 metres of H2O. This coring expedition drilled into The Lomonosov ridge, which is indicated by the pointer in Figure 2 ( Moran 2006 ) .Regulating THE ARCTIC OCEANUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the SeaThe current opinion organic structure in the Arctic Ocean is the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( UNCLOS ) . Russia, Norway, Canada, and Denmark all border the Arctic Ocean and have all ratified this pact, go forthing the United States as the lone state that borders the Arctic Ocean that has non.Claiming LandUNCLOS regulations say that a state may exert control within 200 maritime stat mis from a state ‘s shoreline ( Holmes 2008 ) . In order to claim land beyond this 200 stat mi grade a state must turn out that the seafloor is an extens ion of the state ‘s Continental shelf ( Underhill 2005 ) . The states involved have begun passing 1000000s of dollars in order to map the ocean floor utilizing high tech echo sounder devices. Mapping is a good start but the lone existent manner to happen where a shelf ends is by happening the exact point where stone types alteration, which can merely be done by boring for samples of the seafloor ( Underhill 2005 ) . The logistics of boring for samples in the Arctic Ocean is a really hard and expensive undertaking.Major DisputesThere are several parts of major difference over the Arctic Ocean. The most of import difference is the dissension between Russia, Denmark, and Canada over who has the rights to the Lomonosov Ridge, The Barents Sea Loop Hole, and the Western Nansen Basin. The Lomosov Ridge is seen as the stepping rock for Denmark, Canada and Russia to claim the Arctic. Each has claimed that the ridge is in fact an extension of their Continental shelf. The Barents Sea is located North of Russia and Norway, and both states have submitted overlapping claims for sovereignty in this country. The two most relevant differences in The Barents Sea are over the Loop Hole and the Western Nansen Basin ( Holmes 2008 ) . Both Norway and Russia appear to be negociating a pact on their ain, so it does non look that the UNCLOS will necessitate them to do a determination. Figure 1: Diagram Lomonosov Ridge ( benmuse.typepad.com ) Russia has been the most aggressive in claiming this ridge. Russia has already submitted a claim excessively much of the ocean floor utilizing the ridge as the ground tackle of their claim s ( McKenzie 2009 ) . Canada and Denmark have been making extended seismal studies to turn out that the ridge is in fact a portion of their several Continental shelves in order to challenge Russia ‘s claim. The Lomonosov Ridge is really of import to all states involved because boring has proven that there is natural gas underneath the ridge ( Underhill 2009 ) .http: //benmuse.typepad.com/ben_muse/images/2007/08/08/lomonosov_ridge_2_2.gifDeciding Disputes Under UNCLOSThe simplest solution for deciding differences is for parties involved to settle the difference informally, but if states are unable to make so there are several other ways of settling differences ( Holmes 2008 ) . Other possibilities include the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the International Court of Justice, or an arbitrary court. Whenever a state ratifies the convention, the state chooses what forum they would prefer to work out any differences, but jobs arise when the disputing states can non hold on a forum. UNCLOS does non hold compulsory forum for challenging claims when states can non hold on a forum, so sometimes it can be really hard to happen a solution to a difference ( Holmes 2008 ) .Other GovernmentsThe UNCLOS is chiefly concerned with the spliting up of the sea bed under the Arctic Ocean, instead than with regulations and ordinances to protect transportation involvements and environmental protection. To get by with this many other organisations have been trying to make full the nothingness by doing suggestions and guidelines to guarantee that states are guaranting safety for both workers and the environment ( Berkman 2009 ) .Geneva ConventionThe Geneva Convention consists of a series of pacts made after World War II to set up â€Å" regulations of war † ( Homes 2008 ) . The 1958 Geneva Convention said that in Continental shelf differences for states with next seashores should be determined by pulling a average line between the two seashores if no other understanding can be made ( Holmes 2008 ) . Although this understanding predates the UNCLOS, every state involved in the Arctic has ratified the convention, so the convention would be used if the UNCLOS could non convert the involved states to hold.International Maritime OrganizationThe International Maritime Organization may non hold any official power, yet they still adopted a set of guidelines for transporting operations in the Arctic Ocean called Guidelines for Ships Operating in Ice Covered Arctic Waters ( Berkman 2009 ) . These guidelines are followed by every major state involved in transporting in the Arctic, but an international government organic structure needs to put official ordinances for the Arctic, because deficiency of ordin ance is certain to go a job as traffic additions.Northeast Atlantic Fisheries CommissionThe Northeast Atlantic Fisheries Commission regional piscary direction organisation ‘s is a regional understanding whose range is wide plenty for their understandings to cover a big part of the Arctic Basin. It is the lone official international organisation that covers pollution criterions in any portion of the Arctic ( Berkman 2009 ) . A development of this kind is needed to protect the big and alone ecosystem of the Arctic.ENVIRONMENTAL RISKSOffshore oil and gas geographic expedition in the Arctic Ocean poses several of import environmental hazards particularly in such a sensitive environment as the Arctic. Positioned at the top of the universe, the Arctic part provides many valuable natural resources such as fresh H2O, fishing, and rare home grounds for endangered species. The Arctic Archipelago is besides place to scarce populations of Eskimos and other colonists. The hazards chiefly a ssociated with offshore boring in the part involve possible oil spills and the pollutants generated during production operations. These factors can take to rough effects on homo and wildlife wellness along with the wellness of the environment.Oil SpillsDue to the recent BP calamity in the Gulf of Mexico in early 2010 and other memorable rig calamities, apprehensiveness about the oil and gas industry ‘s impact on the planet has grown. Production companies have become a mark of environmental groups all over the universe as they drill into the land and run out the Earth ‘s non-renewable resources. A immense consideration into prospective boring in the Arctic Ocean is the possibility of an oil spill, which could be particularly unsafe to the sensitive wildlife of the part. With the tough climatic and icy conditions of the Arctic, a big oil spill in the part could be a logistical incubus. The surveies and research about possible oil clean up in the Arctic focal points on the behaviour of oil in the cold clime to happen methods of remotion and simulation trials to analyse response times.Cold Temperatures and Ice BarriersResearch shows that the cold Arctic temperatures and presence of ice can assist to cut down environmental impacts and increase response effectivity. The cold Arctic Ocean changes the physical features and behaviour of oil in H2O. The equilibrium thickness of oil is greater in cold H2O intending the oil will remain centralized in a smaller country and spread less quickly. This benefits recovery by leting longer response times and raising removal per centums. Assorted hydrocarbons ‘ vaporization rates are reduced in low temperatures, giving response squads a greater opportunity to take more oil before these constituents disappear into the ambiance. Although the huge sum of ice in the Arctic Ocean hinders human mobilisation, blocks of ice can move as barriers to halt the oil from distributing, hence doing unmoved combustion and surface skimmers more effectual. High ice concentrations may besides encapsulate the spilled oil, maintaining the oil isolated from ecosystems until the toxic hydrocarbons are removed. Each of these features helps to better the effectivity of an oil spill killing ( Velez et al. 2010 ) .Response Simulation SurveiesCompanies and industry leaders have conducted several simulation undertakings to prove response times and killing processs given different variables and conditions. In their article, G. M. Skeie et Al. outlined a simulation survey to prove 1800 possible scenarios that could happen in the field. The research workers designed the survey to turn to possible results of an oil spill and analyse the effectivity of different responses. The scenarios featured variables such as â€Å" starting clip, shortest impetus clip to shore, weave conditions, and stranded oil sums † ( Skeie et al. 2006 ) . The squad calculated the environmental hazards and sum of oil stranded after fake respon se steps and used this information to compare the different response schemes. Several research plans and simulation surveies like this have been funded by â€Å" oil companies every bit good as other organisations, either independently, through Joint Industry Projects ( JIP ) , or as portion of an industry association † ( Velez et al. 2010 ) to better response methods and fix for these exigencies.Recovery SchemesThe possible oil spill recovery schemes are mechanical recovery, chemical dispersant applications and controlled combustion. Mechanical recovery methods deploy big oil-skimming vass that skim the oil off the ocean ‘s surface and utilize containment roars to forestall oil from distributing. Mechanical recovery is the most common and practical solution used in oil spill responses in the yesteryear ; nevertheless this method will confront challenges during periods of high ice concentrations in the Arctic Ocean. On the other manus, chemical dispersants, which have b een â€Å" recognized worldwide as an environmentally acceptable and extremely efficient agencies of quickly extinguishing spilled oil offshore, † ( Velez et al. 2010 ) can be applied aerially and distribute by strong air currents and beckon action. Research and field trials have proven these dispersants to be effectual in the rough Arctic conditions, despite misconceptions. In-situ ( Latin for â€Å" in topographic point † ) combustion besides offers another valuable option to mechanical recovery that can take spilled oil rapidly and expeditiously. Burning techniques are besides really effectual for scenarios with high ice concentrations or when big sums of oil are trapped in ice. By-products of firing oil have minimal harmful aquatic effects. Research shows that although the Arctic is a extremely sensitive and ambitious environment, the idea of cleaning up an oil spill in the Arctic Ocean is non hideous despite popular public sentiment. Companies and industry leaders have devoted clip and support to fix for an exigency and to analyze the environmental hazards of an oil spill in the Arctic.Operational PollutantsLarge volumes of waste merchandises and risky air pollutants are generated during seaward production operations. This subdivision identifies the environmental menaces associated with these pollutants.Drilling WastesAs Eia and Hernandez province in their article, â€Å" A major issue facing operators today is the big volume of greasy waste liquids produced during well operations † ( Eia and Hernandez 2006 ) . The waste watercourse excreted by production operations includes boring clay or fluids, produced Waterss, and bore film editings. Each of these merchandises contains variable composings of toxic chemicals that can infect the environment and harm aquatic life. Technology betterments in boring and production processs have greatly decreased boring waste volumes, â€Å" as today, industry adds 2 to 4 times more oil and gas to the US modesty base per good than in the 1980saˆÂ ¦with 65 per centum less waste being generated † ( Rana 2008 ) . However, the environmental impact due to each production Wellss ‘ waste watercourse, irrespective of the concentration of scarce toxic stuff, can non be ignored because on a expansive graduated table, these pollutants combine to bring forth a huge environmental footmark. Drilling claies are an indispensable portion of the boring and production procedure because the fluids lubricate and chill the drill spot and pipe, take drill film editings, and command bottom-hole force per unit areas. These fluids can either be water-based, oil-based, or man-made oil-based depending on the boring scenario, with oil-based fluids being the most toxic. The boring clay can incorporate many harmful chemical compounds and toxic stuffs, such as additives, oil, lubricating oil, and many radioactive elements. The waste fluids can respond with the environment through groundwater or surface H2O reservoirs, inadvertent release from intervention installations, soaking up into the dirt, or vaporisation of volatile constituents. The United States Environmental Protection Agency requires that boring claies transcending certain degrees of chemical concentrations are disposed of in onshore waste disposal installations or deep injection Wellss. However, boring wastes that do non run into this standard can either be taken to a landfill or released into the organic structure of H2O where the toxic stuff can respond with the environment ( Rana 2008 ) . Several companies have worked towards â€Å" boring and completion fluids that are greener and more biodegradable † ( Eia, Hernandez 2006 ) . One such company is M-I SWACO, which invents boring and environmental solutions for Schlumberger, a big boring service company. During the oil and gas production procedure, produced Waterss such as formation H2O, injection H2O, or other industrial Waterss are generated in the well-hole with changing degrees of hydrocarbon concentrations. These Waterss besides contain hints of heavy metals and other chemical solutions, such as inhibitors and biocides, which prevent micro-organisms from moving of course. On site separation methods aim to take oil and toxic chemicals from the produced Waterss, nevertheless fractional composings remain irrespective of separation effectivity. The staying dissolved hydrocarbons and other chemicals become pollutants when the produced Waterss are discharged into the organic structure of H2O, â€Å" volumes of such discharges reach 1000s of dozenss of oil a twelvemonth, † ( Rana 2008 ) on a world-wide graduated table. Companies frequently dispose of produced H2O with potentially unsafe composings in deep aquifers isolated from groundwater reservoirs, nevertheless inadvertent re lease is still a menace to be considered.Gas EmissionsNatural gas sedimentations normally contain unsafe gases such as methane, H sulphide, and other volatile organic compounds. When reservoir force per unit areas are high, which is surely possible in the deep militias of the Arctic Ocean, runawaies and detonations become unsafe environmental menaces because of gas emanations. Flaring is another procedure that can let go of unsafe compounds into the ambiance ; flaring is utilised to command force per unit area malfunctions and to divide oil and gas composings by firing off and let go ofing extra reservoir gases. The gases released during flame uping can include sulfur dioxide, benzine, nitrogen oxide and methylbenzene, which are responsible for several human wellness jobs. S. Rana predicts that â€Å" a individual offshore rig emits the same measure of pollution as 7000 autos driving 80 kilometres a twenty-four hours. † Another fright related to gas emanations is the add-on of harmful chemical compounds to the planet ‘s agony atmosphere and ozone bed. All the recent attending to planetary heating and the Arctic ‘s runing ice caps raises consciousness of gas emanations. Future production undertakings in the Arctic Ocean are traveling to be watched acutely for environmental errors and operational impacts. Before mass boring in the Arctic can take topographic point, gas emanations have to be reduced or eliminated wholly, or the liquescent ice conditions will decline. There are a few chief environmental hazards associated with Arctic boring: the impact on the environing environment ; the danger for the endangered and sensitive wildlife of the part ; and the hazard of harming human populations. Large volumes of toxic chemicals can organize in the Arctic if careful environmental protection programs are non taken to cut down toxicity degrees and to forestall oil spills. High concentrations of toxic chemicals can turn throughout the nutrient concatenation, jeopardizing wildlife and aquatic species, and finally endangering human populations. If gas emanations are non cut off wholly, the ambiance will endure from increasing nursery gases taking to human wellness jeopardies and endangering planetary heating conditions.Drilling IN THE ARCTICHistorically, boring economically executable Wellss in the Arctic was hard due to extreme conditions conditions, environmental concerns, and the deficiency of boring engineering. However, technological promotions have created several feasible chances to bore Wellss in countries of the Arctic that were ab initio seen as wasteful due to the high costs of boring and production operations.Onshore Drilling in the ArcticOne of the chief jobs with boring and finishing an onshore well in the Arctic is happening a manner for the rig and its workers to execute at a high degree while covering with the utmost conditions conditions and clip restraints. The Alaskan boring season was comprised of 130 available boring yearss, get downing in late December and normally go oning through late April, doing finishing a well from start to complete really hard. Access to the Arctic tundra is non possible until around mid – December, hence rig can non get down boring until late December and so normally finish boring about May 1st, which is the cause for the short boring season. The mean onshore good in the Arctic, get downing with the mobilisation of the rig and coating with the demobilisation of the rig, requires 90 yearss to finish which allows for about one well, per rig, per season to be drilled. The bulk of those 90 yearss were used in set uping up and set uping down on the well site and non the existent boring of the well ( Shafer 2007 ) . Besides, highly cold temperatures pose one of the largest menaces to set up in the Arctic, because the ability of a rig to execute in highly cold conditions and trade with onsite jobs is indispensable to the boring operation being successful. Low temperatures and ice can decelerate, or even halt, all boring on a well site and waste big sums of money because no work is being done ( Keener and Allan 2009 ) .Hybrid Coil Tubing Drilling RigOne proposed thought to rush up good completion clip was to utilize a intercrossed spiral tubing boring rig ( CTD rig ) that was smaller and quicker to set up up and set up down. A CTD rig has the ability to bore conventionally, bore utilizing a rotary drill, and bore utilizing coiled tubing doing a CTD rig an effectua l option in several different conditions environments ( Shafer 2007 ) . Furthermore, extinguishing the sum of truck tonss traveling back and Forth from drill sites to refineries more than 50 stat mis is indispensable because day-to-day transit costs could sometimes be the day-to-day boring costs ( Keener and Allan 2009 ) . A CTD rig significantly reduces the sum of tonss needed to finish a well because the rig has fewer parts and can be operational in less than an hr after geting onsite. There are downsides to the CTD rig nevertheless ; CTD rigs were non originally designed for the Arctic, lack some of the protection a larger rig provides to it workers and do non hold the ability to bore past 7200 pess. The CTD rig has yet to happen a solution to covering with the cold temperatures while remaining operational. If the temperature drops below -350F, so all the Cranes will be shut down because the Cranes become brickle due to the cold. This job has troubled oil and gas geographic expedition in the Arctic throughout history and still causes job today. During the 2006 Alaskan boring season, from January to February, the mean temperature was -350F and the maximal temperature was -150F, which lowered the possible productiveness of Wellss while increasing the cost. While these challenges are important, overall the CTD rig could be a utile solution to happening an efficient rig to bore in the Arctic ( Shafer 2007 ) .Offshore Drilling in the ArcticWhile boring a good onshore o n the Arctic ice is a dashing undertaking, successfully boring an offshore well in the close – stop deading cold H2O is an even harder undertaking. Ice direction, limited boring deepness ranges, ice – filled Waterss, limited boring seasons, and exposure to severe conditions are merely some of the major jobs that offshore boring units must fact to be successful.Offshore Boring Unit of measurements in the ArcticThe Arctic conditions are so rough that new boring units must be designed specifically for the rough Arctic conditions. The new designs must non merely be efficient, but besides economical for the company boring the well. Several different types of boring units were examined such as semisubmersible boring units, doodly-squat – up boring units, and drillships. The semisubmersible boring units were rapidly ousted because the riser column had jobs with ice buildup, several infrastructures were left unfastened to the harsh conditions, and the unit took to hanke r to transport. The doodly-squat – up rig was besides deemed as unacceptable because its lattice legs were unfastened to the environment and had major ice buildup jobs. In add-on, transit of the unit took excessively much clip. Evaluation of the drillship showed that its capablenesss make the drillship the most logical pick as a possible solution. The drillship has a big hull that protects the riser column from ice buildup, and is able to transport itself expeditiously. The drillship solution besides offers self sufficiency for periods up to 8 months ( Keener and Allan 2009 ) .Logisticss of DrillshipsThere were several facets that were considered in the designs for a new drill drillship. The first job that interior decorators dealt with was the structural design. The bulk of conventional drillships had antecedently had their infrastructure and topside constructions, such as the derrick, made individually from the remainder of the ship and so loaded on the ship once its buildi ng was finished. Most of the individually constructed pieces needed extra conditions coverings to protect the ship ‘s workers, but the coverings added important sums of weight to the ship and took up unneeded infinite ( Keener and Allan 2009 ) . Another issue taken into consideration is the altering ice conditions, which lead to the demand for a drillship that had a manner to cover with ice rapidly plenty to transport itself expeditiously while minimising transit costs. Additionally, there is a demand for a system that could maintain the ship accurately onsite while besides covering with the environmental conditions ( Allan et al. 2009 ) . While there are many logistical jobs that drillships brush with boring Wellss in the Arctic, we will concentrate on the stated jobs because they are the most relevant to the proposed solution.The Arctic Class MODU DrillshipAfter all the different jobs and possible boring reverses in the Arctic were taken into consideration, the Arctic Class Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit ( MODU ) Drillship was proposed as a solution ( Allan et al. 2009 ) .Structural DesignThe interior decorators constructed the MODU Drillship to include the individually constructed infrastructures and topside constructions and by incorporating these constructions into the hull off the ship and around a cardinal well building country ( Keener and Allan 2009 ) . By incorporating the infrastructures and topside constructions into the hull, interior decorators greatly increased the hull ‘s cardinal hull lading ability and structural unity. This design besides eliminated the demand for many of the dearly-won conditions protection constructions because the constructions were now protected by the hull ( Allan et al. 2009 ) .Ice Management and TransportationThe following component interior decorators dealt with was the drillships transit capablenesss and ice direction scheme. The hull of the MODU Drillship, combined with pod – pushers to impel the ship, proved to be strong plenty to interrupt through the bulk of the ice necessary to acquire to boring locations. Risk appraisal shortly showed that non utilizing an iceboat bodyguard would be an ailment advised determination. Therefore the usage of ice ledgeman bodyguards determined the drillships ability to hasten the transit clip to location in ice filled Waterss ( Allan et al. 2009 ) .Keeping the Drillship OnsiteSeveral different types of positioning systems were evaluated for the MODU Drillship. A moorage system proved to be the lone type that would work efficaciously. A big part of the Arctic Waterss are considered to be shallow H2O boring locations and a dynamic placement system, in shallow H2O, could non supply plenty truth for the drillship to be effectual. After several surveies with different types of stuffs used in the moorage system and the constellation of the system, a 12 point moorage system that is arranged in four groups with three lines of ironss per group prove d to be the best solution. Several stuffs to utilize for lines were tested and the usage of ironss proved to be the best solution for the MODU Drillship because the drillships could manage heavy tonss, and the environment had the least consequence on the drillship itself. The four groups would so be set up equally spaced around the drillship so that they could work every bit good as possible. While different variables such as H2O deepness and environmental conditions finally determine what the best placement system for the state of affairs, the 12 point moorage system seemed the most logical and effectual for the MODU Drillship ( Allan et al. 2009 ) .

Free Essays on Group Proposal

Group Proposal I Type of Group This is going to be a task group established to perform a pre-audit on this facilities' overall safety program in preparation for OSHA "STAR" re-certification. The OSHA "STAR" Program is a program established by OSHA in 1987 that allows facilities to compare their safety performance against established standards and if the facility favorably compares, then the employees of the facility receive a national award. Only 65 facilities in the nation can claim this status. This is a high point of pride for this facility. This facilities second re-certification is to take place in April, 1995. This group will use a number of checklists developed in-house and by corporate safety personnel that follows the general guidelines adhered to by the OSHA evaluation team as the basic criteria for qualification in the OSHA "STAR" program. The OSHA evaluation team consists of an industrial hygienist, a safety engineer and a team leader who inspects documentation. The issues to be addressed are as follows: a) Polices, Procedures, and Practices, b) Incident reporting, investigation, and corrective actions, c) Industrial hygiene testing and recordkeeping, d) Required training and documentation, e) Equipment inspection and preventive maintenance documentation, f) Facility and process inspection methods and documentation, g) Safety organizational statement and three tier (management, supervisory, and hourly) structure. This group should be comprised of cross functional individuals from manufacturing and manufacturing support units such as materials handling, maintenance and other skilled trades, and production supervisors and leads. Members of the union committee will also be encouraged to join the group. The expected life of the group is from October 1994 to April 1995, however, the group may be requested to reconvene on an annual basis ... Free Essays on Group Proposal Free Essays on Group Proposal Group Proposal I Type of Group This is going to be a task group established to perform a pre-audit on this facilities' overall safety program in preparation for OSHA "STAR" re-certification. The OSHA "STAR" Program is a program established by OSHA in 1987 that allows facilities to compare their safety performance against established standards and if the facility favorably compares, then the employees of the facility receive a national award. Only 65 facilities in the nation can claim this status. This is a high point of pride for this facility. This facilities second re-certification is to take place in April, 1995. This group will use a number of checklists developed in-house and by corporate safety personnel that follows the general guidelines adhered to by the OSHA evaluation team as the basic criteria for qualification in the OSHA "STAR" program. The OSHA evaluation team consists of an industrial hygienist, a safety engineer and a team leader who inspects documentation. The issues to be addressed are as follows: a) Polices, Procedures, and Practices, b) Incident reporting, investigation, and corrective actions, c) Industrial hygiene testing and recordkeeping, d) Required training and documentation, e) Equipment inspection and preventive maintenance documentation, f) Facility and process inspection methods and documentation, g) Safety organizational statement and three tier (management, supervisory, and hourly) structure. This group should be comprised of cross functional individuals from manufacturing and manufacturing support units such as materials handling, maintenance and other skilled trades, and production supervisors and leads. Members of the union committee will also be encouraged to join the group. The expected life of the group is from October 1994 to April 1995, however, the group may be requested to reconvene on an annual basis ...

Free Essays on African Americans And Nursing

As a child, one may recall an adult asking them the famous question, â€Å"What do you want to be when you grow up?† Even today, children continue to respond with traditional professions such as a police officer, doctor, firefighter, teacher and so on. A similarity between these occupations is that they all provide some type of service. Our society greatly depends on the service of these individuals and would be in a deal of trouble if there ever became a shortage in these fields. Another occupational field that provides service to our society is nursing. Although it is doctors who receive the majority of credit when it comes to the medical field; nurses play a vital role in the medical field as well. Registered nurses have a great deal of responsibility because they have to ensure that the doctors’ orders are carried out, which promotes recovery and prevents patients from getting ill. Nursing is one of the few fields that have no limitations to minority acceptance. Af rican American nurses have been around since the 1800s. This can be credited to a woman by the name of Mary Eliza Mahoney. A lot of people don’t realize that registered nurses carry on a lot of tasks and responsibilities. Although most nurses fulfill the same graduation requirements, the type of work setting determines the nature and amount of work that is completed. Nurses that work in hospitals are usually assigned to a certain department. These departments consist of pediatrics, maternity, ICU, emergency room, and surgery just to name a few. The department of Labor reveals that, â€Å"when providing direct patient care, they observe, assess, and record symptoms, reactions, and progress in patients; assist physicians during surgeries, treatments, and examinations; administer medications; and assist in convalescence and rehabilitation† (par. 1). Nurses that work in an office environment have quite different duties. Their workload consists of assisting with examinatio... Free Essays on African Americans And Nursing Free Essays on African Americans And Nursing As a child, one may recall an adult asking them the famous question, â€Å"What do you want to be when you grow up?† Even today, children continue to respond with traditional professions such as a police officer, doctor, firefighter, teacher and so on. A similarity between these occupations is that they all provide some type of service. Our society greatly depends on the service of these individuals and would be in a deal of trouble if there ever became a shortage in these fields. Another occupational field that provides service to our society is nursing. Although it is doctors who receive the majority of credit when it comes to the medical field; nurses play a vital role in the medical field as well. Registered nurses have a great deal of responsibility because they have to ensure that the doctors’ orders are carried out, which promotes recovery and prevents patients from getting ill. Nursing is one of the few fields that have no limitations to minority acceptance. Af rican American nurses have been around since the 1800s. This can be credited to a woman by the name of Mary Eliza Mahoney. A lot of people don’t realize that registered nurses carry on a lot of tasks and responsibilities. Although most nurses fulfill the same graduation requirements, the type of work setting determines the nature and amount of work that is completed. Nurses that work in hospitals are usually assigned to a certain department. These departments consist of pediatrics, maternity, ICU, emergency room, and surgery just to name a few. The department of Labor reveals that, â€Å"when providing direct patient care, they observe, assess, and record symptoms, reactions, and progress in patients; assist physicians during surgeries, treatments, and examinations; administer medications; and assist in convalescence and rehabilitation† (par. 1). Nurses that work in an office environment have quite different duties. Their workload consists of assisting with examinatio...

Russia - Egypt Relations Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Russia - Egypt Relations - Term Paper Example Russia and Egypt’s relationship is historically complex and has varied considerably along dimensions of cooperativeness throughout the past one hundred years based on global events that include regions like the Middle East, Europe, and the United States. Russia has traditionally seen Egypt as a strategic partner, connecting it to the Middle East for trade and regional influence, while Egypt has traditionally seen Russia as a key trading partner to secure wealth and military infrastructure. In that sense, the political interests of the two nations have generally been congruent. Exceptions to that have occurred with philosophical changes at the top of Egypt’s government – rather than due to changes with Russia – which is why the relationship is best understood from the perspective of who was in power in Egypt throughout the period. With that in mind, the modern Russia-Egypt relationship can be described in phases: the first phase representing a warm and open association with the Nasser regime, the second phase representing a cold and close association with the Sadat regime, and the third phase from Mubarak to today in which Russia is again treated as a close ally. The most helpful place to start with an examination of Russia-Egypt relations is to look at its historical foundation, which began as early as the 1500s and so not surprisingly, based in religion. At that time, the Orthodox Christian tradition was very strong within the Russian political landscape and would significantly influence Russia’s decision to get involved with Egypt’s religious and political affairs. Patriarch Joachim of Alexandria sent correspondence to Russian Czar Ivan IV for assistance to the Sinai Peninsula-based Saint Catherine’s Monastery, which had been contested by Turkish fighters1. In response, Ivan IV sent a Russian delegation to visit sites across Egypt. Since that showing of support, Russia continued to provide support for Egypt’s Christian population, which accounts for roughly one-tenth of Egypt’s total population as of 20102.  

Comparative Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparative Summary - Essay Example It is against this backdrop that three major financial environments namely the profit making environment, not-for-profit environment and government environments have been identified in this study for critical scrutiny on how differences in financial management in each of the environments can be well harnessed to ensure that the collective goal of achieving universal quality healthcare can be achieved. Profits Making Financial Environment Healthsouth is the identified entity under the profits financial environment. Generally, the financial structure of the profits financial environment can be described as one that is influenced by the activities of shareholders. This is to say that these entities have financial bottom lines that address the profit gaining needs of their shareholders (Experience Healthsouth, 2010). To this end, they are structured such that there is several profit making avenues on the services and products that are offered. As much as possible also, there exist extern al investments models made with the contributions of shareholders so as to maximize the earnings from the health facility. Some of the policies that are unique to the profit making environment include the fact that annual profits are shared among shareholders instead of reinvesting the entire amount of profit made. This is because shareholders come on board as investors who expect positive financial returns at the end of each fiscal year. In the same manner that profits are shared, there exists a peculiar provision whereby losses are also shared among the shareholders. In the event of recording a loss at the end of the fiscal year, shareholders will be expected to make financial provisions for the proceeding budget (Experience Healthsouth, 2010). Because losses are shared by shareholders as much as profits, there are always efforts that ensure that all lope holes to financial malfeasance of any kind are blocked. This is indeed one of the most outstanding financial management practic es prevalent in the profit financial environment. With the Healthsouth as a case study, it would be observed that the entity employs the services of financial experts such as accountants, bursars and auditors whose duties are not incorporated into the larger healthcare delivery services of the entity (Experience Healthsouth, 2010). Despite the numerous efforts that are made to ensure financial management practices at Healthsouth, it would still be realized that the facility faces several challenges. The major reason that can be ascribed to the existence of these financial management challenges is because the facility is a healthcare facility. Generally, it is debated because the services of financial experts are not directly linked to the health provision services of the healthcare facilities; there exist apathy on the part of healthcare administrators to closely monitor the activities of the said financial management experts (Wolinsky, 2005). Not-for-Profit Environment Carolinas He althcare Systems is the selected entity under the not-for-profit financial environment. Among the features of the facility that makes it stand out and worth discussing is the fact that the facility focuses its services to not just short term care but lifetime medical care to patients. The facility therefore serves as lifetime medical home to patients (Carolinas Medical Center,