Preliminary Examination in Felony Cases

Introduction A preliminary examination refers to the very first substantive hearing in the presence of a judge in felony cases. A grand jury is a body that is elected to find out if the prosecutor has gathered appropriate evidence to warrant a trial in a particular case. The grand jury’s function is to serve as a channel for the cases of the highest degree to pass to the traditional trial system.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Preliminary Examination in Felony Cases specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They also evaluate the evidence gathered by district or/and state if there is a fair base for an indictment. This role of the jury can be divided into various categories. Many of the juries analyze the facts presented by the prosecutor to find out if the charges are worth being filled. Other juries in a special category are given the mandate to investigate the case on their own. They also summon witnesses and a ccess the private documents. They have the mandate to examine corruption cases in the government. State grand jury plays the role in finding out whether there is enough evidence or reason for indicting the accused person or group. Unlike the state grand jury, the function of the trial juries is to decide whether the accused individual or group is guilty or not guilty of a crime that he is accused of. There is a relationship between a preliminary examination and the grand juries because the grand juries are the ones to decide whether the accused should be charged or not after listening to the witnesses. Preliminary examination is an individual right within the criminal justice system because it gives the defendant the freedom to speak and be heard by the judge and the court before any judgment is passed. The defendant confirms before the court whether he/she is guilty or he/she pleads not guilty. If he/she says that he/she is not guilty of the crime being accused of, then the court h as to investigate the crime. Pretrial detention This refers to putting someone under custody immediately after his/her arrest before the court hearing. The individual is not guilty at this point. It also refers to detaining a person who is accused of committing a crime. A person on pretrial detention is restricted on some activities due to security reasons. One can be in a pretrial detention because he/she cannot afford to bail him/herself out. This happens when the bail is set too high for the accused to be able to pay for it. The accused can also remain in pretrial detention when he/she has been denied bail by the court.Advertising Looking for essay on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Criteria for bail Denial of bail occurs if the accused has already been sentenced or if the court feels that the person mighty flight and not come back for the hearing. In some cases, the bailed money can be refunded to the accused a fter trial bearing in mind that all the proceedings in court have been done in the presence of the defendant. In some countries, capital crimes are not bailed, leading to the accused remaining in pretrial detention until his hearing in court. The accused has the right to bail if the time to be in custody has expired unless there is a good reason to deny it (Bail Act 1976). In the Czech Republic, a bail is not put in consideration if the defendant can escape or if he is in a position to influence the witnesses. Those who have committed serious crimes are also not bailed out. In England, the accused can be denied bail if the court believes that he is capable of committing other crimes while on bail or abscond. If the defendant is known to have a previous record of sexual offences, then he/she should rebut assumption against bail (Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994) Jury This is a group of people who are sworn to issue penalty or give judgment that is fair to all the sides invo lved. The mandate is given to them by the court. Their main role is to find the facts. They are to detect the truth or false in the cases assigned to them so as to determine whether the accused is guilty or not. Though the judge is the one to lead the case and instruct the juries, his/her judgment will be based on what the juries conclude because they are the ones to get facts on a particular case and determine whether the accused is guilty or not guilty and to give the penalty if they think it is necessary. The juries are justified to give verdict because they live within the community and know the community norms. (Sanders 2008) Conclussion We should be sure that the juries are instructed properly and receive clear information by ensuring that each member of the body is an educated individual who has a clear understanding of the community’s norms as well as country’s law. These people should be open-minded and reasonable enough. Since the decision made by the jury is a group decision, each member should ensure that his/her views are heard before the decision is made. Juries should always base their judgment on factual findings. References Bail Act 1976, c. 63 SCHEDULE 1 (1976).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Preliminary Examination in Felony Cases specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, c. 33 Part II Section 25 (1994). Sanders, J. (2008) A Norms Approach to Jury â€Å"Nullification:† Interests, Values, and Scripts. Law Policy 30(1):12-45. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9930.2008.00268.x. 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AP Spanish Language and Culture Sample Essay - Learn the Basics of Spanish Culture

AP Spanish Language and Culture Sample Essay - Learn the Basics of Spanish CultureAn AP Spanish Language and Culture Sample Essay will help you gain exposure to the cultural aspects of Spain. The objectives of this study is to give you an inside perspective of how you would be able to understand Spanish culture in general. This can help you learn Spanish at a faster pace, which will enable you to use it as your language of choice in the future. The following are the main factors which may be helpful in understanding this culture.Spanish is not just about language. It is an integral part of culture in Spain. You should have an understanding of all aspects of Spanish culture so that you can handle it without any problem when you need to travel to Spain, do business with them or do any social gatherings.Spanish is known to be very easy to learn. The language itself does not require much effort and you can learn it quite quickly. This allows you to be successful in learning the language. Spanish is the official language of the EU. Many foreign tourists spend years in learning the Spanish language. They come here to enhance their business and enjoy the hospitality of the Spaniards.Spanish is very popular these days because of the modern lifestyle and high-tech industry in the country. The population has grown in leaps and bounds to over a million people in just a few decades. The vast number of people also makes it easier for them to communicate easily with each other in their language.Spanish is also a very powerful language to use in business and other fields in the international market. If you want to excel in your job or you want to do something very professional in your career, this is the language which you should understand thoroughly. You may get a better opportunity to impress those who deal with you through your proficiency in Spanish.The above factors indicate that you will definitely benefit from learning Spanish. The more exposure you have to it, the mor e benefits you will realize.

The Welfare State A Cost Benefit Analysis essays

The Welfare State A Cost Benefit Analysis essays The Welfare State - A Cost Benefit Analysis The role of welfare within our society has always been controversial. This problem emphasizes the need to understand the roles of variable factors when pertaining to the subject of welfare within our society. The proposed analysis will address the phenomenon of welfare assistance and several factors which may contribute to the increase or decrease of welfare assistance to the poor in 4 ways: (1) by defining major concepts and any other concepts about which there is likely to be misunderstanding (2) by further examining the past history pertaining to the subject of welfare assistance within the United States; (3) by developing the formulation of a hypothesis which will provide for an explanation of welfare; and finally (4) determining whether or not the benefits of welfare assistance outweigh the cost. Ultimately, the purpose of this research analysis is to investigate variable factors that may contribute to the increase or decrease of welfare assistance. This cost benefit analysis is an attempt to explain the tentative assumptions of others pertaining to the subject of welfare, in order to determine and explain the relationship of welfare to the economic cost and benefits. Before welfare assistance can be analyzed there is a need to define the terms that will be used. Policies like welfare assistance are worthwhile only if the benefits to society are greater than the costs. When choosing among a set of policies, the policy with the greatest net benefit (benefit over cost) should be chosen. Hence, this is where the term cost-benefit analysis comes from. Cost-benefit analysis is a technique for determining the optimal level of an economic activity such as welfare. In general, an activity such as welfare assistance should be expanded as long as it leads to greater benefits than costs. In purely economic terms, does the benefit of welfare assistance justify the costs of welf...

The Definition of an Angle

The Definition of an Angle In mathematics, particularly geometry, angles are formed by two rays  (or lines) that begin at the same point or share the same endpoint. The angle measures the amount of turn between the two arms or sides of an angle and is usually measured in degrees or radians. Where the two rays intersect or meet is called the vertex.   An angle is defined by its measure (for example, degrees) and is not dependent upon the lengths of the sides of the angle. History of the Word The word angle  comes from the  Latin  word  angulus, meaning corner. It is  related to the  Greek  word ankylÃŽ ¿s  meaning crooked, curved, and the  English  word ankle. Both Greek and  English  words come from the Proto-Indo-European  root word ank-  meaning to bend or bow.   Types of Angles Angles that are exactly 90 degrees are called right angles. Angles less than 90 degrees are called acute angles. An angle  that is exactly 180 degrees is called a straight angle  (this appears as a straight line). Angles that are greater than 90 degrees and less than 180 degrees are called  obtuse angles. Angles that are larger than a straight angle but less than 1 turn (between 180 degrees and 360 degrees) are called  reflex angles. An angle that is 360 degrees, or equal to one full turn, is called a full angle or complete angle. For an example of an obtuse angle, the angle of a typical house rooftop is often formed at an obtuse angle. An obtuse angle is greater than 90 degrees since water would pool on the roof  (if it was 90 degrees) or if the roof did not have a downward angle for water to flow.   Naming an Angle Angles are usually named using alphabet letters to identify the different parts of the angle: the vertex and each of the rays. For example, angle BAC, identifies an angle with A as the vertex. It is enclosed by the rays, B and C. Sometimes, to simplify the naming of the angle, it is simply called angle A. Vertical and Adjacent Angles When two straight lines intersect at a point, four angles are formed, for example, A, B, C, and D angles. A pair of angles opposite each other, formed by two intersecting straight lines that form an X-like shape, are called  vertical angles  or  opposite angles. The opposite angles are mirror images of each other. The  degree of angles will be the same. Those pairs are named first.   Since those angles have the same measure of  degrees, those angles are considered equal  or  congruent.   For example, pretend that the letter X is an example of those four angles. The top part of the X forms a v shape, that would be named angle A. The degree of that angle is exactly the same as the bottom part of the X, which forms a ^ shape, and that would be called angle B. Likewise, the two sides of the X form a and an shape. Those would be angles C and D. Both C and D would share the same degrees, they are opposite angles and are congruent. In this same example, angle A and angle C and are adjacent to each other, they share an arm or side. Also, in this example, the angles are supplementary, which mean that each of the two angles combined equals 180 degrees (one of those straight lines that intersected to form the four angles). The same can be said of angle A and angle D.

Witchcraft Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Witchcraft - Research Paper Example People also get reminded of old hags when witches are being talked about. The image that people have of witchcraft has changes significantly in the recent past, this drastic change has occurred because of numerous movies made on this subject, several books have also been published on witchcraft which has again helped in changing the perception of the people about witchcraft. This paper will shed light upon witchcraft and paganism since 1815; modern day witchcraft will be discussed extensively in the following parts of this paper. â€Å"Before really getting into what Witchcraft is, perhaps we should take a look back at what it was—the history of it. Witches should be aware of their roots; aware of how and why the persecutions came about, for instance, and where and when the re-emergence took place. There is a great deal to be learned from the past. It's true that much of history can seem dry and boring to many of us, but that is far from so with the history of Witchcraft. It is very much alive and filled with excitement.† (Buckland, Raymond. P.1) Witches have often been banished from our society, they have been tortured beyond imagination and this image has to be changed.

News Paper Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

News Paper Summary - Essay Example The article focuses on the rising stocks in China. The stocks are attracting investors because of the cheap markets and its big economy. Shanghai’s composite index rose to the highest in the sixth consecutive day. The rise is the highest in the past nine months. The index brings it to close ranks with Hong Kong. The stocks, however, experienced dull performance most times of the year. The property market also struggled through the first half of the year. The government and banks have unveiled plans that are spurring optimism on the economy. Its currency has hit a three month high in this week only. The article is about how the New York’s bank regulator plans to install monitors at the US offices of Deutsche and Barclays banks. The plans are in accordance with plans to intensify investigations on possible foreign-exchange market manipulation. The state’s financial department has already notified the banks’ lawyers about the move. The two banks have been selected for extra scrutiny because their records compared to others hint to potential problems. Both banks have accepted to cooperate with investigators and take action on individuals found guilty. The banks have previously been engaged in other different financial wrangles with the state. They have also previously suspended and fired many senior executives and staff because of criminal and civil foreign-exchange probes. The article focuses on the rough and tough times celebrities are having with their prepaid-business cards. Celebrities such as Kardashians and Magic Johnson have closed their business card ventures. Lil Wayne has also stooped further applications. The cards help people who intend to avoid bank accounts and related fees. The cards are acceptable in business transactions where other debit and credit cards are acceptable. The celebrities face market competition from banks and other big

Jean-Louis David and Jean-Jacques Rousseau Essay -- History Art Artwor

Jean-Louis David + Jean-Jacques Rousseau Question : In what ways and to what extent is an understanding of historical context important in approaching the works of (a) David and (b) Rousseau? "The Lictors Returning to Brutus the Bodies of his Sons", is a painting by the French artist Jean-Louis David in 1789. Having led the fight which overthrew the monarchy and established the Roman Republic. Brutus tragically saw his sons participate in a plot to restore the monarchy. As a judge, he was called upon to render the verdict, and without hesitation condemned his two sons to death. The full title of this work is "Brutus Returning Home after having Sentenced his Sons for Plotting a Tarquinian Restoration and Conspiring against Roman Freedom; the Lictors brint there Bodies to be Buried." In 1789, for Jean-Louis David to bring up such a subject was majorly controversial and reveals how deeply committed the artist was to the new ideas and enlightement principals. Indeed, had the revolution not occured, this picture could never have been exhibited publicly. After the fall of the bastille, David's pictures were seen as a republican manifesto, and greatly raised David's reputation In order to fully understand David's artwork, it is important to posess a certain amount of historical knowledge on the various events that took place during the artists career, mainly the French Revolution. Behind each of his paintings is a story of historical importance. However, it is also very likely that David's paintings were often misinterpreted simply due to the fact that someone didn't fully grasp the significance of the artwork. Like "The Lictors Returning to Brutus the Bodies of his Sons", as recorded by the Roman historian Livy, David's paintings covered many different historical era's. "The Death of Marat", 1793, is more simplistic and intense. David was in active sympathy with the Revolution, his majestic historical paintings, ("The Oath of Horatii", "Death of Socrates", and "Brutus's sons") were hailed as artistic demands for political action. He orchestrated the great festival of the people on 14 July 1790, and designed uniforms, banners, triumphal arches, and inspirational props for the Jacobin club's propaganda. David was president of the Jacobin club on the day that his good friend and fellow Jacobin, Jean-Paul Marat was killed by a young Royalist who... ...y as Jean-Louis David and his paintings. Both these influential people helped to ignite a passion amongst the French general public and change French politics. Looking at Rousseau's idea for government seems unacceptable or impossible to us, however, his idea, which was prominent in the revolution, that sovereignty resides with the people, that "man is born free". Both Rousseau and democracy preserve the idea that government is legitimate only if it emerges from us. Jean-Louis David's form of neoclassical paintings which are difficult to seperate from their political and social context, were very different from the traditional paintings of the era. When looking at David's artwork one must acknowledge how artistic concerns were bound up with broader social issues. Many of his paintings bear strong symbolic political references. In order to read, think like Rousseau or understand the true meaning behind David's artwork one must possess, from a historical context, knowledge on the French Revolution, how different French society and culture was and information regarding each artists background, for example, who they were, and what they meant to the general public of that time.